Understanding Gingival Hyperplasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Gingival hyperplasia, often referred to as gum overgrowth, occurs when the gum tissue increases in size and begins to cover more of the teeth than normal. It can appear as swollen, puffy, or bulging gums and may affect a specific area or the entire gum line. Identifying the underlying cause is essential, as it helps determine the right treatment.

This condition can result from poor oral hygiene, certain medical conditions, or as a side effect of specific medications. People who have difficulty maintaining oral hygiene — such as those with developmental disorders, stroke-induced disabilities, arthritis, or cognitive impairments like Alzheimer’s — are at a higher risk.

One of the most common triggers of gingival hyperplasia is medication. Drugs like phenytoin (used to control seizures), cyclosporine A (for transplant patients), and calcium channel blockers (for heart conditions) are known to contribute to abnormal gum growth. If your gum tissue starts to swell after beginning a new medication, it's important to speak with your doctor before making any changes on your own.

Symptoms of gingival hyperplasia include visibly enlarged or bulging gums, which can make brushing and flossing difficult. This increases the risk of plaque buildup, which may lead to gingivitis or even periodontitis if not managed properly. Inflammation of the gums might also cause redness, tenderness, and bleeding.

Gum overgrowth is not contagious, but it can become a serious dental issue if ignored. Poor oral hygiene, smoking, mouth breathing, excessive tooth crowding, and systemic conditions like diabetes or HIV can also contribute to its development.

Treatment depends on the severity and the root cause. If medication is the suspected cause, a medical professional may adjust your dosage or suggest alternatives. For milder cases, a professional dental cleaning can remove hardened plaque and reduce symptoms. In more advanced cases, a dentist may recommend surgical removal of excess gum tissue to restore normal function and appearance.

Final Thoughts

Gingival hyperplasia can be unsettling, but it is manageable. Once the cause is identified and addressed, most cases improve with professional dental care and proper oral hygiene practices. If you notice unusual changes in your gums, don't delay — consult a dentist or healthcare provider to get the right guidance.